These hydrophones are a bit more expensive (~$1k per deployment) but still very accessible compared to how much it usually costs. And the goal is to bring the cost down to the ~$100 range (so $5 is very impressive!):
All the data is being saved (used for scientific research & ML training), with some of the hydrophones going back to 2017, and yes it's quite difficult to listen to and review so much audio. Better tools like the hydrophone explorer UI are much needed (been working on something similar).
One of the things that's surprised me the most is how difficult to keep hydrophones up and running. I can sympathize with both the technical and social challenges—underwater is not a friendly environment for electronics, and it can be difficult to get permission to deploy hydrophones. But it's incredibly rewarding when it works and you capture some cool sounds.
For anyone interested, all the code is open source and acoustic data is freely available:
Requirements are pretty flexible, but the inspiration is largely iNaturalist, and also this very cool project put together by Google Creative Lab back in 2019 https://patternradio.withgoogle.com/
A note to just be a bit careful passively monitoring ocean acoustics, it’s easy to fall foul of military / security forces, they don’t like anything that can fingerprint a vessel.
I worked on DAS acoustic monitoring for subsea power cables (to monitor cable health!), turns out they are basically a submarine detection system.
Reminds me of how the Navy heard the OceanGate submarine implode immediately when it lost contact en route to the Titanic, but waited several days before they admitted that because at the time noone even knew they had such a system of hydrophones in place. I wonder what else they have that we don't know about. The oceans are not just unexplored as a habitat, but also as an intelligence theater.
Pretty sure a fair number of people knew the US Navy and others had hydrophones in place, they've always been coy about it though.
For interest:
* it's one reason we know so much about ocean tempretures and tangentially have great data on climate change being real, and
* they had some cool R&D vessels:
FLIP was originally built to support research into the fine-scale phase and amplitude fluctuations in undersea sound waves caused by thermal gradients and sloping ocean bottoms. This acoustic research was conducted as a portion of the Navy's SUBROC program.
I live near a sub listening station. Schools tour the base. Their hydrophones are built on site in long oil filled tubes. They can hang these from the listening barges or lay them on the bottom. Hydrophone arrays can be paired with anchors attached to a sound triggered buoy. The buoy sinks with the anchor and will be released when it gets the right signal. With this setup the Navy can lay down semi-permanent arrays without a surface buoy.
I remember at the time it felt a little bit suspicious to me. Only after everyone already knew it had imploded, the navy came out to say their hyper advanced detection system for enemy submarines had of course also detected it.
the systems are pretty public, for instance the UK tender for Atlantic Net is easy to read. And the russians have Bastion which we known well about as well.
That was not the first time such data was used to from and a wreck. They have released locations for things like downed airliners for years, decades. Everyone knows about SOSUS. The classified bits are its locations and exact capabilities.
Good advice but there's a bit of a difference between a device (or even several) you can knock together yourself and throw out of the side of a (surface) boat vs access to a whole undersea cable which (I have just learned) is what you need for DAS. Plus, if you can do it yourself with virtually no resources, it's a safe bet that any potential adversaries are already doing something many orders of magnitude greater.
Supposedly new submarines are so quiet that they can't be detected anyway. I'm sure there's a large element of exaggerating abilities here, but there's definitely an element of truth: in 2009, two submarines carrying nuclear weapons (not just nuclear powered) collided, presumably because they couldn't detect each other. If a nuclear submarine cannot detect another nuclear submarine right next to it then it's unlikely your $5 hydrophone will detect one at a distance.
Of course, none of this means that the military will be rational enough not to be annoyed with you.
Very cool and very powerful technology, it'll be interesting to see how fiber sensing progresses, especially with how much undersea fiber already exists. For subsea power cables, is there a parallel fiber dedicated just for DAS monitoring? Do these get bundled in with data fiber runs as well? I've been curious how well DAS can work over actively lit / in-service fiber.
On the cables I worked on they would use a separate fibre, but power cables tended to overspec the number of fibers massively so was never an issue. Some even have two bundles of fibers.
A supplier played whale song they recorded from cables, and said they repackage and sell the same product to defense contractors.
I used to be a submariner and now work in an unrelated acoustic space (acoustic analysis of the electric grid), but I'd love to learn more about the DAS world — my email is in my profile.
Even biulding the equipment. There are rules about hydrophones at certain certain frequencies. Just putting the plans online might runafoul of export rules. Beware of stringing multiple hydrophones as this article suggests. Put too many on a system and you are into possible beamforming territory ... the tech used for geolocating noises underwater. The USN gets kinda twitchy about such things.
Slight tangent, but does anyone have experience with recording hydrophones in excess of 192khz? Last I checked, most of these are specialty devices with high price tags.
Recording full-fidelity whale or dolphin sounds (amongst others) requires using a higher sample rate than is available in most consumer-grade equipment. There's a lot more information down there!
TIL about "plug-in power", that seems to be a thing that some sound recording devices with 3.5 mm "phono" jacks can provide.
Here [1] is a page at Klover, and here [2] is one at Shure. Not sure if there's a formal specification for this, or if it's just something that manufacturers started doing.
Last Chance to See has a fun bit about listening for dolphins in the Yangtze by taking a regular microphone and putting a condom over it. Always wondered how they sealed the end.
what if you tied it tightly beneath the mic with a rubber band, and then attached a weight 2-3 feet down the cord? that way the condom/mic floats end down and keeps things dry.
The most interesting bit here to me isn’t the $5 or the DIY, it’s that this is quietly the opposite of how we usually “do” sensing in 2025.
Most bioacoustics work now is: deploy a recorder, stream terabytes to the cloud, let a model find “whale = 0.93” segments, and then maybe a human listens to 3 curated clips in a slide deck. The goal is classification, not experience. The machines get the hours-long immersion that Roger Payne needed to even notice there was such a thing as a song, and humans get a CSV of detections.
A $5 hydrophone you built yourself flips that stack. You’re not going to run a transformer on it in real time, you’re going to plug it into a laptop or phone and just…listen. Long, boring, context-rich listening, exactly the thing the original discovery came from and that our current tooling optimizes away as “inefficient”.
If this stuff ever scales, I could imagine two very different futures: one is “citizen-science sensor network feeding central ML pipelines”, the other is “cheap instruments that make it normal to treat soundscapes as part of your lived environment”. The first is useful for papers. The second actually changes what people think the ocean is.
The $5 is important because it makes the second option plausible. You don’t form a relationship with a black-box $2,000 research hydrophone you’re scared to break. You do with something you built, dunked in a koi pond, and used to hear “fish kisses”. That’s the kind of interface that quietly rewires people’s intuitions about non-human worlds in a way no spectrogram ever will.
> You’re not going to run a transformer on it in real time
Why not? You can run BirdNET's model live in your browser[0]. Listen live and let the machine do the hard work of finding interesting bits[1] for later.
I've been working on a citizen science version of this, we have 7 hydrophones deployed that anyone can listen to live:
https://live.orcasound.net/
These hydrophones are a bit more expensive (~$1k per deployment) but still very accessible compared to how much it usually costs. And the goal is to bring the cost down to the ~$100 range (so $5 is very impressive!):
https://experiment.com/projects/can-low-cost-diy-hydrophones...
All the data is being saved (used for scientific research & ML training), with some of the hydrophones going back to 2017, and yes it's quite difficult to listen to and review so much audio. Better tools like the hydrophone explorer UI are much needed (been working on something similar).
One of the things that's surprised me the most is how difficult to keep hydrophones up and running. I can sympathize with both the technical and social challenges—underwater is not a friendly environment for electronics, and it can be difficult to get permission to deploy hydrophones. But it's incredibly rewarding when it works and you capture some cool sounds.
For anyone interested, all the code is open source and acoustic data is freely available:
Code: https://github.com/orcasound/
Data: https://registry.opendata.aws/orcasound/
Community: https://orcasound.zulipchat.com/
> Better tools like the hydrophone explorer UI are much needed (been working on something similar).
Where could I learn more about requirements for this as a I love building tools like this.
It's actually partly built, still in beta testing (has some bugs) but here's a nice example: https://live.orcasound.net/bouts/bout_031YiYO7OqPbPhcmP3mQeb
Requirements are pretty flexible, but the inspiration is largely iNaturalist, and also this very cool project put together by Google Creative Lab back in 2019 https://patternradio.withgoogle.com/
Best place to learn more is to stop by the community Zulip chat (https://orcasound.zulipchat.com/) and ask questions, it's full of really knowledgeable people. Also you can explore the entire codebase here: https://github.com/orcasound/orcasite
A note to just be a bit careful passively monitoring ocean acoustics, it’s easy to fall foul of military / security forces, they don’t like anything that can fingerprint a vessel.
I worked on DAS acoustic monitoring for subsea power cables (to monitor cable health!), turns out they are basically a submarine detection system.
Reminds me of how the Navy heard the OceanGate submarine implode immediately when it lost contact en route to the Titanic, but waited several days before they admitted that because at the time noone even knew they had such a system of hydrophones in place. I wonder what else they have that we don't know about. The oceans are not just unexplored as a habitat, but also as an intelligence theater.
Pretty sure a fair number of people knew the US Navy and others had hydrophones in place, they've always been coy about it though.
For interest:
* it's one reason we know so much about ocean tempretures and tangentially have great data on climate change being real, and
* they had some cool R&D vessels:
~ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP_FLIPI live near a sub listening station. Schools tour the base. Their hydrophones are built on site in long oil filled tubes. They can hang these from the listening barges or lay them on the bottom. Hydrophone arrays can be paired with anchors attached to a sound triggered buoy. The buoy sinks with the anchor and will be released when it gets the right signal. With this setup the Navy can lay down semi-permanent arrays without a surface buoy.
I remember at the time it felt a little bit suspicious to me. Only after everyone already knew it had imploded, the navy came out to say their hyper advanced detection system for enemy submarines had of course also detected it.
the systems are pretty public, for instance the UK tender for Atlantic Net is easy to read. And the russians have Bastion which we known well about as well.
That was not the first time such data was used to from and a wreck. They have released locations for things like downed airliners for years, decades. Everyone knows about SOSUS. The classified bits are its locations and exact capabilities.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOSUS
Good advice but there's a bit of a difference between a device (or even several) you can knock together yourself and throw out of the side of a (surface) boat vs access to a whole undersea cable which (I have just learned) is what you need for DAS. Plus, if you can do it yourself with virtually no resources, it's a safe bet that any potential adversaries are already doing something many orders of magnitude greater.
Supposedly new submarines are so quiet that they can't be detected anyway. I'm sure there's a large element of exaggerating abilities here, but there's definitely an element of truth: in 2009, two submarines carrying nuclear weapons (not just nuclear powered) collided, presumably because they couldn't detect each other. If a nuclear submarine cannot detect another nuclear submarine right next to it then it's unlikely your $5 hydrophone will detect one at a distance.
Of course, none of this means that the military will be rational enough not to be annoyed with you.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_and_Le_Triomphant...
DAS has really been taking off in the marine bioacoustics world!
https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home/deep-listening/
https://depts.washington.edu/uwb/revolutionizing-marine-cons...
Very cool and very powerful technology, it'll be interesting to see how fiber sensing progresses, especially with how much undersea fiber already exists. For subsea power cables, is there a parallel fiber dedicated just for DAS monitoring? Do these get bundled in with data fiber runs as well? I've been curious how well DAS can work over actively lit / in-service fiber.
On the cables I worked on they would use a separate fibre, but power cables tended to overspec the number of fibers massively so was never an issue. Some even have two bundles of fibers.
A supplier played whale song they recorded from cables, and said they repackage and sell the same product to defense contractors.
I used to be a submariner and now work in an unrelated acoustic space (acoustic analysis of the electric grid), but I'd love to learn more about the DAS world — my email is in my profile.
Acoustic analysis of the electric grid sounds interesting, is that to detect things like sparks?
I know a man who built a fish shaped vehicle, and was immediately approached by the men in black...
Even biulding the equipment. There are rules about hydrophones at certain certain frequencies. Just putting the plans online might runafoul of export rules. Beware of stringing multiple hydrophones as this article suggests. Put too many on a system and you are into possible beamforming territory ... the tech used for geolocating noises underwater. The USN gets kinda twitchy about such things.
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/chapter-I/subchapter-M...
(Search for hydrophone)
as if they own the oceans
Slight tangent, but does anyone have experience with recording hydrophones in excess of 192khz? Last I checked, most of these are specialty devices with high price tags.
Recording full-fidelity whale or dolphin sounds (amongst others) requires using a higher sample rate than is available in most consumer-grade equipment. There's a lot more information down there!
I've used audiomoths for this. They can be configured to record at sampling rates up to 384kHz and be deployed with waterproof cases: https://www.openacousticdevices.info/audiomoth
TIL about "plug-in power", that seems to be a thing that some sound recording devices with 3.5 mm "phono" jacks can provide.
Here [1] is a page at Klover, and here [2] is one at Shure. Not sure if there's a formal specification for this, or if it's just something that manufacturers started doing.
[1]: https://www.kloverproducts.com/blog/what-is-plugin-power
[2]: https://service.shure.com/s/article/difference-between-bias-...
Røde has the VXLR series of 3.5 jack to XLR adaptors, one of them supports plug in power.
Nice, however the mentioned github link ( https://github.com/loganwilliams/passive-acoustic-listening ) does not exist (anymore?).
The only repo that appears searching "passive acoustic listening" is
https://github.com/Vivek-Tate/IDS-Detection-and-Exploiting-V...
Last Chance to See has a fun bit about listening for dolphins in the Yangtze by taking a regular microphone and putting a condom over it. Always wondered how they sealed the end.
https://www.hbmpodcast.com/podcast/hbm088-riptides-and-a-sin...
Information here from a superb podcast
what if you tied it tightly beneath the mic with a rubber band, and then attached a weight 2-3 feet down the cord? that way the condom/mic floats end down and keeps things dry.
Must just be long enough ^^
The most interesting bit here to me isn’t the $5 or the DIY, it’s that this is quietly the opposite of how we usually “do” sensing in 2025.
Most bioacoustics work now is: deploy a recorder, stream terabytes to the cloud, let a model find “whale = 0.93” segments, and then maybe a human listens to 3 curated clips in a slide deck. The goal is classification, not experience. The machines get the hours-long immersion that Roger Payne needed to even notice there was such a thing as a song, and humans get a CSV of detections.
A $5 hydrophone you built yourself flips that stack. You’re not going to run a transformer on it in real time, you’re going to plug it into a laptop or phone and just…listen. Long, boring, context-rich listening, exactly the thing the original discovery came from and that our current tooling optimizes away as “inefficient”.
If this stuff ever scales, I could imagine two very different futures: one is “citizen-science sensor network feeding central ML pipelines”, the other is “cheap instruments that make it normal to treat soundscapes as part of your lived environment”. The first is useful for papers. The second actually changes what people think the ocean is.
The $5 is important because it makes the second option plausible. You don’t form a relationship with a black-box $2,000 research hydrophone you’re scared to break. You do with something you built, dunked in a koi pond, and used to hear “fish kisses”. That’s the kind of interface that quietly rewires people’s intuitions about non-human worlds in a way no spectrogram ever will.
> You’re not going to run a transformer on it in real time
Why not? You can run BirdNET's model live in your browser[0]. Listen live and let the machine do the hard work of finding interesting bits[1] for later.
[0] https://birdnet-team.github.io/real-time-pwa/about/
[1] Including bits that you may have missed, obvs.
Cheap sensors, used by many, is how we get more reproducability, more citizen science, and more understanding of the world around us.
RTL-SDR is another area where this there is so much to see 'hidden' in electromagnetic radio frequency space.
This title is very hard to parse
Cool, I wish I had seen this before we went for whale watching to the Azores last year.
Can we now have lot of audio records with a documentation of whale behavior to train an AI and get a whale-translator at the end?
Yes, https://www.projectceti.org/ is working on whale translation!
That's a cheap whale. I wonder how they managed to fit it in.
The elites don't want you to know this but the whales in the ocean are free. You can take them home. I have 458 whales.
Cheap workshop!