With agentjail ( https://github.com/LuD1161/agentjail ), I've tried to contain coding agents in os-native sandboxes (sbpl for macos and similarly for linux, <4ms start time) + policy guardrails evaluated by Open Policy Agent (OPA), policies written in rego.
Protocol aware network proxy coming soon
Then you can match a DSL and block particular network requests.
This ensures you no longer fear --dangerously-skip-permissions and stop babysitting agents
What else would you want to see in this project? Please star the repo, if you like the idea :)
I was using VMs for agents, but wanted something lighter and faster, so I made flar, which bubblewraps the agent, its config/history and the project directory. The agent runs in your usual environment but has no access to anything other than what it's been explicitly granted, short-circuiting prompt injections (or intentional secret exfiltration on the part of the agent or model) as well as any supply chain exploits the agent might accidentally introduce.
It starts instantly, as it's a namespace, rather than a full VM or container that has to be downloaded/built/updated on start.
It defaults to dangerously skip permissions mode, but is much safer than the very porous sandbox the agents provide, and the agent can't reach outside of it even if told to, by the user or a prompt injection.
I think the most secure setup, though not so convenient for the average user, is a separate machine with QEMU/KVM. The machine should be isolated adequately, such that even if compromised, it shouldn't be able to cause damage or gain access to other machines. Additionally, a proxy server on your machine or elsewhere could hide sensitive credentials. A helper binary on your computer would then control spawning new disposable VMs with premade images and your SSH key. The images can be lightweight or the desktop version with a remote VNC.
Gondolin[1] is what you are describing. It's made by the same person who made the Pi coding agent and sends all of the agent's bash into a small QEMU vm.
I use vagrant on a seperate machine in a seperate network. The magic of ssh makes it transparent for me, and I feel pretty sure the agents cannot get to stuff that matters.
I am certainly no expert in this space so it is quite possible I'm missing something critical, but what seems to work for me is a Podman image I built on my computer with some basic things I need (using OpenCode, but I imagine any other agent could be used instead):
From there I just run the Podman image from the command line (using a Fish function) that mounts the specific project I'm working on to /workspace. I guess there might be some vulnerabilities with shared kernels and such, but it seems like an easy way to have some isolation.
As opencode is inside your container, credentials and API keys are also inside the container. Prompt injection when your agent fetches some web site could have your agent leak this credentials to someone.
Also, do you restrict networking or does your container have full access to your internal network?
This is how I started, and then I wanted to bring along creature comforts, not have to re-auth per box (for subscription models), had some skills I usually wanted to bring, wanted slightly different setups for different stacks, sensibly install multiple agents, import git identity (but not credentials), mount other code folders ro but only for certain projects, etc etc, and ended up with a full Docker wrapper.
Ah, that makes sense. I've only recently started playing with this stuff, and I've been focusing a lot of just getting somewhat good at using LLMs for projects while developing my own intuition, so everything I do just uses the mounted project and uv directly. As soon as things get more complex, I imagine I'll end up with a full wrapper as well.
Unrelated: I enjoyed your latest blog entry. I recently starting thinking about how to show the work that is done with AI, and how we talk about it. I haven't come to any major conclusions (I wish!), but your post about the prompting being distinct from the actual work resonates with me. Reminds me somewhat of discussions about the art of photography compared to the art of editing photos as a distinct skill.
We need an agentic platform that has sandboxing built-in well. Giving agents a disposable VM is nice but I'm already hitting my Mac mini's space limit.
Claude Cowork does this on Mac and ears several gigabytes of on disk storage, drives me crazy, because it does this if you click on it without ever using it.
It was designed to not require root, and the nftables firewall ended up becoming the only exception. I'm very curious about how you implemented this. Did you find a better way?
(Years ago I had puppet and cobbler provisioning VMs over PXE and then iPXE. FWIU foreman is more actively maintained than cobbler, which is built on Django web framework.)
Vagrant manages VMs and virtual networks, in Ruby.
ansible-molecule creates, converges, and destroys VM(s) and containers, in order to test ansible playbooks and ansible roles in clean build roots.
`podman kube play` over `podman machine` might solve for agents that need multiple VMs/containers
- Podman Desktop can work with the same local k8s setups as Docker Desktop. Though there's certainly more state to manage with k8s for agent session farm, k8s probably has better logging and quotas than a VM management script on each node.
OpenShift on OpenStack is one way to do containers over VMs over bare metal.
Microshift also does container-selinux.
There is not an apparmor policy set for containers?
bwrap and liboverlayfs and libseccomp are almost but not quite containers.
There are stronger container isolation layers that are more like a full or lightweight VM, that might be better for agent sessions: gVisor, firecracker vm, Todo
Cloudflare workerd is the open source part of cloudflare workers, which run lightweight WASM and JS VMs with multi-tenant isolation.
It takes far less resources to run a cloudflare worker than to run a container on cloudflare. So, if it's possible for an agent to operate within a WASM runtime ~container, that's probably more optimal for agent sessions.
Cloudflare/artifact-fs does lazy shallow git clones with a FUSE filesystem.
Thanks! There's no packet firewall at all, no iptables/nftables. On macOS the VM's NIC is a Virtualization.framework file-handle device. The daemon runs gvproxy, which terminates the guest's connections and re-dials them as host sockets, so I filter with an allow-list right before the dial.
One caveat, since you asked about root specifically: that's the macOS path, and it only works thanks to the fd NIC. Firecracker on Linux only speaks a TAP, which needs root, so there I do shell out to sudo, but just for the device. The filtering is still the same userspace allow-list.
Thanks for the pointers!! I'm using passt, didn't know about gvproxy. This is awesome and could provide rootless filtering and firewall for my guest VMs. I'm going to experiment with this!
My pleasure! You can find my fork here: https://github.com/clawkwork/gvisor-tap-vsock — the diff is tiny, just a hook in the TCP/UDP/ICMP forwarders that consults an allow-list before dialing
- Sandbox on Linux using Docker, Podman, containerd, gVisor, Kata, Firecracker
- Sandbox on Mac using Docker (Docker Desktop or Orbstack), Podman, Apple containers, Seatbelt, Tart (Tart lets you run simulators).
- Network restriction
- Secrets control (file mounts or credentials broker)
- NO ambient data (ENV is replaced with a minimal and local-to-sandbox one, no host-side filesystem access beyond what you explicitly allow)
- Workdir protection: Your work dir is never modified until you apply the changes, either standalone or as a git commit. You can also diff before applying. Git runs SANDBOX side in case the repo has filters.
- Uses copy-on-write if your filesystem supports it (most modern ones do)
- Has built-in support for claude, codex, gemini, aider, and opencode, but you can also launch it in "shell" mode and run whatever you want.
- Supports VS code tunnels, so you can remotely access in VS code if you don't want to use the terminal.
- Layered API (golang) if you want to sandbox other things
- Self-contained binary. No external requirements other than the backends you want to use. Defaults to a ~/.yoloai dir for config/data, but you can point it anywhere.
Hadn't seen yoloai before. I really like new/diff/apply/destroy workflow, that's interesting. For my own needs the two things I was after were multi-repo worktrees (one sandbox spanning several repos, each on with its own worktree) and a single network restricted VM path I fully control, rather than many backends (I started with many backends at first but it was awkward to add network filtering to them).
Lots of overlap though, nice work, and I'll be reading through yours.
Nice I started to vibecode something with bwrap.nix: https://github.com/riedel/nix-opencode-with-mitm (not anywhere near production ready) What I would really want is token injection outside the sandbox and good control over the network, why I tried integrating a mitm proxy outside the sandbox.
Our nixos sandboxes are mostly a cloud offering at this time. Scale is what we can offer additionally. Have secret injection built in too. I see you have suspend, resume we have the same. We have snapshots and cloning. Startup time is sub second with warm pools - which will go further down when we replace firecracker with Tarit soon.
I just use kubernetes with a single PVC for the Claude folders. Works like a charm. Don’t need too much else. You can then start separate pods with different PVCs to different folders. Lives on a server, I can manage the auth by just making each pod description different.
Honestly works fine and you can use /rc to talk to them over the Claude phone app.
If the agent is running on your machine, it will suspend when you put your laptop asleep. I prefer using a remote Linux VM to let the coding agent keep working.
I’m quite happy with exe.dev for this. My laptop is asleep upstairs but I have an agent coding away in a browser tab on the tablet I’m using. I could also check on it from my phone.
But it might also be nice if a setup similar to exe.dev were available for self-hosting. I have a Mac Mini that I don’t really use much.
Another +1 to cloud sandboxes (and exe.dev) vs laptop sandbox.
Runs 24/7 completely air gapped from your laptop.
You also want a service proxy so the sandbox can access GitHub or Stripe without keys accessible to the agent. I haven't seen many of the laptop sandbox tools do this, where exe.dev does it out of the box with their "integrations".
I usually drop my own binary agent coding toolkit inside the sandbox so I have things like a code browsing and review right there in every sandbox too.
Like you I also have a Mac Mini I've thought about making into my own 24/7 dev box, but building this vs buying 50 VMs from exe.dev for $20/mo doesn't add up for me.
A lot of people would yell "docker isn't secure!" but if you're running Docker on MacOS (and Windows, I think) you're already running a Linux VM. But if you really wanna let your agent YOLO their way along, Docker is kinda restrictive, so that a full VM lets it install things, start services, and so on.
the natural evolution of AI tooling: first we gave them our laptops, then we gave them VMs, next they'll demand their own AWS accounts and a corporate card
When firing up agent VMs for my personal projects, I tried to completely separate SSH keys as well. Surprisingly annoying to have multiple keys for, say GitHub, and restrict the agent to use a deploy key.
I saw this project enables ssh-agent forwarding, so my question; is this a non-issue to begin with? Or just not your focus currently.
Which is just a front for systemd-nspawn. It's annoying you have to edit the config.nspawn to mount a directory if you start it with the "shell" command, instead of booting. But apart from that, it's brilliant.
The core abstraction seems identical to Fly.io Sprites: give the coding agent its own real Linux machine, put a hard network/isolation boundary around it, then yeet.
Sprites arguably has the better security boundary, since the agent isn’t sitting adjacent to my laptop and home network.
Does Codex run its own sandbox? I see that sometimes it runs commands without asking, which then fail for some reason, and it asks to run them again "outside of the sandbox"
And, make coding harnesses run 20x faster at many multi-processing and file operations by running the coding harness itself inside of Linux instead of MacOS…
A lot of the work that coding agents do requires tons of random access to files, which MacOS is particularly slow at. Not because the hardware is bad, mind you. Mac SSDs are amazing. It’s the file system. Secondly, MacOS supervises processes for security reasons and coding harnesses spawn tons of processes. There is a lot of CPU overhead embedded in that supervision.
i was quite shocked to learn that cursor is not scoped to current workspace, recently it just traversed my projects dir outside my current workspace and looked for patterns in code.
This is the right idea IMO but I don't want to trust a third party tool for it either (no offense OP!).
Ever since I started running coding agents with shell access I've jailed them inside of VMs. Since I run Linux I can just use incus[0] for the VM management layer.
It's extremely simple, and you can vibe code a shell script to customize your workflow in a few minutes.
I still don't understand the point of all these VMs and containers for agents. Just create a separate user on your machine without sudo privileges, switch to it in your terminal and run all the agents you want without it being able to reach your files. What am I missing?
Privilege escalation (e.g. setuid), world-readable files might contain sensitive data, world-writeable files, unrestricted network access (including access to all locally running services)... If you have fully patched system without zero-days and it's configured in a perfect way, then, sure...
Container is quite like a "separate user" except you can explicitly define what it can access.
(Even if all your daemons have good auth, it's now quite common for _apps_ to open listening sockets without much auth...)
What kind of things are you even doing that the agent would try to perform a kernel exploit on you? I thought sandboxing is just to protect from the agent accidentally clearing your home directory.
Side note, just 6 days ago a Linux VM escape exploit was disclosed.
I'm not worried about the agent at all. The VM is there to prevent it from clobbering files on my real system.
I'm worried about supply chain attacks on npm, pip, cargo and everything else. Don't want to get compromised if I install some stupid package.
My virtdev project has essentially split my computer into two systems: my "real" trusted system with software coming directly from my Linux distribition's repositories, and the VMs for everything else.
> just 6 days ago a Linux VM escape exploit was disclosed
If your threat model is that of a malicious agent that will use a 0-day LPE to get root and exfiltrate all of your SSH keys, virtualization makes sense. But then, I wouldn't run such an agent at all, if not specifically in the context of malware analysis.
If you're just concerned about "agent messing up and taking the rules in some markdown files more laxly than I would have", then running it as a seperate user is totally enough...
Threat model is supply chain attacks on unmaintained package repositories like npm, pip and cargo. Everything on my host comes from my Linux distribution's repositories. Everything else gets virtualized with extreme prejudice. I'll even virtualize my Steam games one of these days.
And those installed programs could have vulnerabilities that just a non-root user account could still take advantage of. Perhaps not likely for an LLM to do, but more so if you let them loose on the internet and they end up coming across prompt injection that instructs exactly that :)
Yep, I broke locate when I made my home 700. Its user could not traverse my files anymore. I had to make it run as root. A better design would be to traverse each user home with that user id but apparently it assumes that the home dirs are 755.
Codex uses bwrap sandbox which is purely cosmetic - out-of-box it sees your ssh keys and can send it to remote server. It prevents agent from deleting outside files by mistake, but does nothing against malicious activity
that Pi extension, by contrast, gives you a popup whenever an agent tries to access something outside the current working directory and send a network request. that depends on configuration. also if agent tries to ssh into something that will also send a request for access, so child processes are covered
Actually that doesn't just work on all systems and it breaks on others. The alternate user is actually guaranteed to work on all systems and it's built in
There are two sides to this. The first is security, which plenty of comments already covered. The second, and the real one for me: my tests spin up Docker containers, and I was building a Kubernetes tool (argocd/flux style) that needs a real cluster in the sandbox. In a container that means Docker-in-Docker, which always felt hacky. A VM is just a normal Linux box where Docker and k8s run like they do everywhere else. A separate user can't give you that, it shares your one kernel and whatever's already installed on the host.
There is a reason why VMs even are a thing at all: they can offer better security guarantees than alternatives.
A separate user is a good start but LLM tests themselves show they can cleverly bypass guardrails if they figure out they are in a sandboxed environment of some kind, right?
So, I read those test results as: an LLM is less likely to do something crazy if it thinks it has the whole environment to itself.
Colleague recently told me his agent tried to sudo. It failed but it saw that docker with root is available and just used that. I don't quite remember what it did, I think editing something in /etc.
If you think those two contexts are equally secure, your machine is incredibly insecure and I hope you run daily incremental full system backups.
You have far too much data in unsecured locations, and you have far too little understanding of what an agent would do, to go "I trust whatever this user account will be doing on my machine".
How many of these are there now, a hundred? We get it, you can run an agent in a VM/container/sandbox. What about configuration management & rollbacks? What about the policy engine? What about dynamic credential management? What about the lethal trifecta? A sandbox is the easiest part and doesn't address the others.
shameless plug (im a contributor to):
https://github.com/jskswamy/aide/ covers you, with configuration driven through yaml and credential management with sops.
Based on the readme in your project, yours does not include 1) a policy engine, 2) application proxies to limit scope of access to external systems/networks, 3) firewall configuration for commonly accessed package repositories, 4) configuration management, 5) credential management.
You do have some scripts that 'diff' package inventory of the one distro you support, but not a full fledged configuration management system to manage package dependencies, file permissions, services, etc. Technically the user can deploy one using your provisioning hook but since it's not built-in it's another component the user will need to bring with them, which is one more reason they can use any other system that does basic sandboxing. I'm sure it's useful for you, but it doesn't do anything all the other solutions don't already do. You basically made Vagrant but without the useful Vagrantfile and OS-agnosticism.
Probably. If I remember correctly, containers on Linux are implemented using the kernel's namespaces. The same ones which became famous for the vulnerabilities they surfaced in previously unexercised code.
> On your own machine that leaves two bad options. You approve every command (and babysit a prompt every few seconds), or you run --dangerously-skip-permissions and hope nothing important is one rm -rf or one leaked token away.
Literally everyone has the option to use a VM - it's built into Windows, UTM on MacOS, Docker on Linux. Yes, "a tool that automatically builds a VM" is useful, but we've had a third option (four, if you count "actually I disagree with the idea that it's only useful if it's fully agentic") from day one.
You might prefer byre's simplicity, transparency, and ease of reasoning about: one local container, explicit access grants, readable generated Docker, and a workflow that stays close to normal development rather than introducing a larger sandbox platform. It's also very very easy to eject from if you want to stop using it.
I developed a VM project just like this one. Asked Fable to stress test it and try to break out of containment, and to my surprise it didn't manage to. Fable didn't get downgraded to Opus either, for some reason.
Would have thrown Mythos at it if I had access to it.
I initially thought that was the case: literally the same weights but with an incredibly obnoxious "safety classifier" tacked on. Now I'm uncertain because people on HN have told me it's a different model altogether with further fine tuning for safety or something.
You should conduct the same test with knowingly faulty containment, otherwise the theory that the model is hobbled should probably outrank that it couldn't escape.
That's a good idea. I don't have Fable at the moment, when it comes back I'll ochestrate those tests.
Opus did manage to iron out a lot of fail open bugs during development though, and Fable's like a hundred times more relentless than Opus. I'm not saying it's a definitive result or that my VM firewall thingy is unhackable... I'm just saying it put a smile on my face.
With agentjail ( https://github.com/LuD1161/agentjail ), I've tried to contain coding agents in os-native sandboxes (sbpl for macos and similarly for linux, <4ms start time) + policy guardrails evaluated by Open Policy Agent (OPA), policies written in rego.
Protocol aware network proxy coming soon Then you can match a DSL and block particular network requests.
This ensures you no longer fear --dangerously-skip-permissions and stop babysitting agents
What else would you want to see in this project? Please star the repo, if you like the idea :)
I was using VMs for agents, but wanted something lighter and faster, so I made flar, which bubblewraps the agent, its config/history and the project directory. The agent runs in your usual environment but has no access to anything other than what it's been explicitly granted, short-circuiting prompt injections (or intentional secret exfiltration on the part of the agent or model) as well as any supply chain exploits the agent might accidentally introduce.
https://github.com/swelljoe/flar
It starts instantly, as it's a namespace, rather than a full VM or container that has to be downloaded/built/updated on start.
It defaults to dangerously skip permissions mode, but is much safer than the very porous sandbox the agents provide, and the agent can't reach outside of it even if told to, by the user or a prompt injection.
I think the most secure setup, though not so convenient for the average user, is a separate machine with QEMU/KVM. The machine should be isolated adequately, such that even if compromised, it shouldn't be able to cause damage or gain access to other machines. Additionally, a proxy server on your machine or elsewhere could hide sensitive credentials. A helper binary on your computer would then control spawning new disposable VMs with premade images and your SSH key. The images can be lightweight or the desktop version with a remote VNC.
Gondolin[1] is what you are describing. It's made by the same person who made the Pi coding agent and sends all of the agent's bash into a small QEMU vm.
[1](https://earendil-works.github.io/gondolin/
I agree with this, virtual machines are invented to solve the sandboxing/multi-tenant issues.
This is why ec2 and the likes all sell you access to virtual machines (dividing up their underlying hardware).
I use vagrant on a seperate machine in a seperate network. The magic of ssh makes it transparent for me, and I feel pretty sure the agents cannot get to stuff that matters.
quickemu[0] is sort of amazing for these type of use cases actually. I feel like I could use it more for this type of stuff.
[0]: https://github.com/quickemu-project/quickemu
I am certainly no expert in this space so it is quite possible I'm missing something critical, but what seems to work for me is a Podman image I built on my computer with some basic things I need (using OpenCode, but I imagine any other agent could be used instead):
From there I just run the Podman image from the command line (using a Fish function) that mounts the specific project I'm working on to /workspace. I guess there might be some vulnerabilities with shared kernels and such, but it seems like an easy way to have some isolation.As opencode is inside your container, credentials and API keys are also inside the container. Prompt injection when your agent fetches some web site could have your agent leak this credentials to someone.
Also, do you restrict networking or does your container have full access to your internal network?
This is how I started, and then I wanted to bring along creature comforts, not have to re-auth per box (for subscription models), had some skills I usually wanted to bring, wanted slightly different setups for different stacks, sensibly install multiple agents, import git identity (but not credentials), mount other code folders ro but only for certain projects, etc etc, and ended up with a full Docker wrapper.
Ah, that makes sense. I've only recently started playing with this stuff, and I've been focusing a lot of just getting somewhat good at using LLMs for projects while developing my own intuition, so everything I do just uses the mounted project and uv directly. As soon as things get more complex, I imagine I'll end up with a full wrapper as well.
Unrelated: I enjoyed your latest blog entry. I recently starting thinking about how to show the work that is done with AI, and how we talk about it. I haven't come to any major conclusions (I wish!), but your post about the prompting being distinct from the actual work resonates with me. Reminds me somewhat of discussions about the art of photography compared to the art of editing photos as a distinct skill.
We need an agentic platform that has sandboxing built-in well. Giving agents a disposable VM is nice but I'm already hitting my Mac mini's space limit.
Claude Cowork does this on Mac and ears several gigabytes of on disk storage, drives me crazy, because it does this if you click on it without ever using it.
> clawk forward add my-project 3000
> clawk network allow my-project api.example.com
Can you describe the implementation details? How did you implement the firewall without root?
I vibecoded virtdev, a virtual machine orchestration project just like this one:
https://github.com/matheusmoreira/virtdev
It was designed to not require root, and the nftables firewall ended up becoming the only exception. I'm very curious about how you implemented this. Did you find a better way?
(Years ago I had puppet and cobbler provisioning VMs over PXE and then iPXE. FWIU foreman is more actively maintained than cobbler, which is built on Django web framework.)
Vagrant manages VMs and virtual networks, in Ruby.
ansible-molecule creates, converges, and destroys VM(s) and containers, in order to test ansible playbooks and ansible roles in clean build roots.
podman machine manages VMs:
- podman-container-tools/podman-machine-os: machine image files: https://github.com/podman-container-tools/podman-machine-os/...
`podman kube play` over `podman machine` might solve for agents that need multiple VMs/containers
- Podman Desktop can work with the same local k8s setups as Docker Desktop. Though there's certainly more state to manage with k8s for agent session farm, k8s probably has better logging and quotas than a VM management script on each node.
OpenShift on OpenStack is one way to do containers over VMs over bare metal.
Microshift also does container-selinux.
There is not an apparmor policy set for containers?
bwrap and liboverlayfs and libseccomp are almost but not quite containers.
There are stronger container isolation layers that are more like a full or lightweight VM, that might be better for agent sessions: gVisor, firecracker vm, Todo
Cloudflare workerd is the open source part of cloudflare workers, which run lightweight WASM and JS VMs with multi-tenant isolation.
It takes far less resources to run a cloudflare worker than to run a container on cloudflare. So, if it's possible for an agent to operate within a WASM runtime ~container, that's probably more optimal for agent sessions.
Cloudflare/artifact-fs does lazy shallow git clones with a FUSE filesystem.
- "Show HN: VM-curator – a TUI alternative to libvirt and virt-manager" https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46750437
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46825026 ; amla sandbox, agentvm, ARM64 MTE
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46825119 ; container2wasm , vscode-container-wasm-gcc-example ; build WASM containers with Dockerfiles
docker and podman support multiple WASM runtimes for running WASM containers, e.g. for agent sessiobs
Thanks! There's no packet firewall at all, no iptables/nftables. On macOS the VM's NIC is a Virtualization.framework file-handle device. The daemon runs gvproxy, which terminates the guest's connections and re-dials them as host sockets, so I filter with an allow-list right before the dial. One caveat, since you asked about root specifically: that's the macOS path, and it only works thanks to the fd NIC. Firecracker on Linux only speaks a TAP, which needs root, so there I do shell out to sudo, but just for the device. The filtering is still the same userspace allow-list.
Thanks for the pointers!! I'm using passt, didn't know about gvproxy. This is awesome and could provide rootless filtering and firewall for my guest VMs. I'm going to experiment with this!
My pleasure! You can find my fork here: https://github.com/clawkwork/gvisor-tap-vsock — the diff is tiny, just a hook in the TCP/UDP/ICMP forwarders that consults an allow-list before dialing
yoloAI does something similar:
- Sandbox on Linux using Docker, Podman, containerd, gVisor, Kata, Firecracker
- Sandbox on Mac using Docker (Docker Desktop or Orbstack), Podman, Apple containers, Seatbelt, Tart (Tart lets you run simulators).
- Network restriction
- Secrets control (file mounts or credentials broker)
- NO ambient data (ENV is replaced with a minimal and local-to-sandbox one, no host-side filesystem access beyond what you explicitly allow)
- Workdir protection: Your work dir is never modified until you apply the changes, either standalone or as a git commit. You can also diff before applying. Git runs SANDBOX side in case the repo has filters.
- Uses copy-on-write if your filesystem supports it (most modern ones do)
- Has built-in support for claude, codex, gemini, aider, and opencode, but you can also launch it in "shell" mode and run whatever you want.
- Supports VS code tunnels, so you can remotely access in VS code if you don't want to use the terminal.
- Full lifecycle support: Launch, attach, stop, restart, wait, one-shot, clone, destroy
- MCP passthrough
- Layered API (golang) if you want to sandbox other things
- Self-contained binary. No external requirements other than the backends you want to use. Defaults to a ~/.yoloai dir for config/data, but you can point it anywhere.
- FOSS
https://github.com/kstenerud/yoloai
Hadn't seen yoloai before. I really like new/diff/apply/destroy workflow, that's interesting. For my own needs the two things I was after were multi-repo worktrees (one sandbox spanning several repos, each on with its own worktree) and a single network restricted VM path I fully control, rather than many backends (I started with many backends at first but it was awkward to add network filtering to them). Lots of overlap though, nice work, and I'll be reading through yours.
If you are a Nix flake enjoyer, I whipped up something similar to this (Claude Code-only right now) based on microvm.nix: https://github.com/cdata/katsuobushi/tree/main/lib/sandbox
Some highlights:
- Drives Claude Code as a quasi-subagent via "Channels," which supports multi-turn interaction with the host and suspend / resume
- Declarative configuration in the flake of exactly what is copied into the VM (besides the local project), what DNS origins are allowed, etc.
- Shared access to host Nix store / object DB via overlay FS
- Syncs code with the host over a shared (local) Git remote (no worktree mess to manage)
- Devshell commands for quickly dropping into the guest and viewing status of all VMs etc.
- VMs start in a couple of seconds
Nice I started to vibecode something with bwrap.nix: https://github.com/riedel/nix-opencode-with-mitm (not anywhere near production ready) What I would really want is token injection outside the sandbox and good control over the network, why I tried integrating a mitm proxy outside the sandbox.
If you are into nixos, we at InstaVM have just launched[1] nixos based sandboxes.
1. https://instavm.io/blog/nixos-reproducible-dev-environments-...
That's very cool, although AFAICT my hacked-together non-product shares most of the same virtues. Can you upsell it to me a little?
Our nixos sandboxes are mostly a cloud offering at this time. Scale is what we can offer additionally. Have secret injection built in too. I see you have suspend, resume we have the same. We have snapshots and cloning. Startup time is sub second with warm pools - which will go further down when we replace firecracker with Tarit soon.
1. Tarit - https://GitHub.com/instavm/tarit
I just use kubernetes with a single PVC for the Claude folders. Works like a charm. Don’t need too much else. You can then start separate pods with different PVCs to different folders. Lives on a server, I can manage the auth by just making each pod description different.
Honestly works fine and you can use /rc to talk to them over the Claude phone app.
Amazing idea! Need to try that.
If the agent is running on your machine, it will suspend when you put your laptop asleep. I prefer using a remote Linux VM to let the coding agent keep working.
I’m quite happy with exe.dev for this. My laptop is asleep upstairs but I have an agent coding away in a browser tab on the tablet I’m using. I could also check on it from my phone.
But it might also be nice if a setup similar to exe.dev were available for self-hosting. I have a Mac Mini that I don’t really use much.
Another +1 to cloud sandboxes (and exe.dev) vs laptop sandbox.
Runs 24/7 completely air gapped from your laptop.
You also want a service proxy so the sandbox can access GitHub or Stripe without keys accessible to the agent. I haven't seen many of the laptop sandbox tools do this, where exe.dev does it out of the box with their "integrations".
I usually drop my own binary agent coding toolkit inside the sandbox so I have things like a code browsing and review right there in every sandbox too.
https://github.com/housecat-inc/scratch
Like you I also have a Mac Mini I've thought about making into my own 24/7 dev box, but building this vs buying 50 VMs from exe.dev for $20/mo doesn't add up for me.
https://paseo.sh/ supports self-hosting, though I've only used it a mild amount tbh.
It looks like they have the right idea but their workspaces are based on GitHub worktrees rather than separate VM’s.
> it will suspend when you put your laptop asleep
It is possible to simply not do that. Laptops work just fine as servers. They even have a builtin monitor and UPS.
Yeah but I ‘d rather run it remotely and not run agents on my laptop at all.
Ok! why should I switch away from running Firejail on Fedora? Ok SUID security thanks
Or give them a dedicated user and you don't lose precious CPU cycles to run a VM/container: http://github.com/tarsgate/skynot
Have you seen https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=48892015 and yoloai? https://github.com/kstenerud/yoloai
Seems like both projects are following very similar approaches.
Funny that they're both written independently and in Go. Sometimes there's just a best way to do things I guess
Made the exact same thing when apple containers were released - https://github.com/instavm/coderunner#run-claude-code-inside...
I also wrote one where you can choose to use a container or a vm, with a MITM proxy on top https://github.com/agentcage/agentcage
> Requires macOS 14+ on Apple silicon. (Linux is supported via firecracker and currently experimental...)
So should be noted it's mostly macOS out of the box with some Linux support if I understand right.
mostly macOS out of the box. I've tested it on linux and it worked but it's not my daily driver. I'll make the platform scope clearer in the README
Can't I just use a `docker run` command to run claude and bind in the current directory into the docker container?
Check the 2nd section of article https://github.com/clawkwork/clawk#why-a-vm
A lot of people would yell "docker isn't secure!" but if you're running Docker on MacOS (and Windows, I think) you're already running a Linux VM. But if you really wanna let your agent YOLO their way along, Docker is kinda restrictive, so that a full VM lets it install things, start services, and so on.
the natural evolution of AI tooling: first we gave them our laptops, then we gave them VMs, next they'll demand their own AWS accounts and a corporate card
WDYT of yolobox ? https://github.com/finbarr/yolobox
Neat, could it leverage https://github.com/apple/container
When firing up agent VMs for my personal projects, I tried to completely separate SSH keys as well. Surprisingly annoying to have multiple keys for, say GitHub, and restrict the agent to use a deploy key.
I saw this project enables ssh-agent forwarding, so my question; is this a non-issue to begin with? Or just not your focus currently.
I use mkosi: https://github.com/systemd/mkosi
Which is just a front for systemd-nspawn. It's annoying you have to edit the config.nspawn to mount a directory if you start it with the "shell" command, instead of booting. But apart from that, it's brilliant.
everyone loving these linux sandboxes, even Apple wrote one https://github.com/apple/containerization/tree/main/examples...
We are building the cloud version of this: hosted, isolated VMs. MacOS and Linux supported. Cloud means you can run many VMs in parallel.
https://bitrise.io/platform/remote-dev-environments
It's called https://github.com/features/codespaces or https://codeanywhere.com/ or https://claude.ai/code/
None of the products you mentioned support macOS environments needed by iOS/tvOS/etc developers. (CodeAnywhere went out of business)
Bitrise has been doing macOS VMs for CI for 10 years, so we extended the existing product to this use-case.
I guess you have macOS, but that just it.
I am developing a super light similar thing here
https://github.com/daitangio/take-ai-control
It is docker + vscode friendly. I tested it with major systems (copilot, codex, Claude Code and pi.dev) Comments Wellcome!
Sprites from Fly io does this beautifully, claude comes preinstalled, its great
The core abstraction seems identical to Fly.io Sprites: give the coding agent its own real Linux machine, put a hard network/isolation boundary around it, then yeet.
Sprites arguably has the better security boundary, since the agent isn’t sitting adjacent to my laptop and home network.
This is like the 30th AI sandbox project on Show HN. Why this one over the rest?
Also the readme (and thus likely the whole thing) is clearly LLM-generated.
Does Codex run its own sandbox? I see that sometimes it runs commands without asking, which then fail for some reason, and it asks to run them again "outside of the sandbox"
Yes, Codex has its own sandbox which you can disable: https://learn.chatgpt.com/docs/sandboxing?surface=app
Cursor has something similar. I don't know about Claude Code but I assume it does as well since Anthropic has open sourced their own sandboxing tool.
And, make coding harnesses run 20x faster at many multi-processing and file operations by running the coding harness itself inside of Linux instead of MacOS…
That's actually how clawk runs it: the agent process (claude/codex) runs inside the Linux guest on a PTY, not on macOS
Is file IO a bottleneck now?
A lot of the work that coding agents do requires tons of random access to files, which MacOS is particularly slow at. Not because the hardware is bad, mind you. Mac SSDs are amazing. It’s the file system. Secondly, MacOS supervises processes for security reasons and coding harnesses spawn tons of processes. There is a lot of CPU overhead embedded in that supervision.
i was quite shocked to learn that cursor is not scoped to current workspace, recently it just traversed my projects dir outside my current workspace and looked for patterns in code.
This is the right idea IMO but I don't want to trust a third party tool for it either (no offense OP!).
Ever since I started running coding agents with shell access I've jailed them inside of VMs. Since I run Linux I can just use incus[0] for the VM management layer.
It's extremely simple, and you can vibe code a shell script to customize your workflow in a few minutes.
[0] https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/
I still don't understand the point of all these VMs and containers for agents. Just create a separate user on your machine without sudo privileges, switch to it in your terminal and run all the agents you want without it being able to reach your files. What am I missing?
Privilege escalation (e.g. setuid), world-readable files might contain sensitive data, world-writeable files, unrestricted network access (including access to all locally running services)... If you have fully patched system without zero-days and it's configured in a perfect way, then, sure...
Container is quite like a "separate user" except you can explicitly define what it can access.
(Even if all your daemons have good auth, it's now quite common for _apps_ to open listening sockets without much auth...)
Also, many of these sandboxing solutions provide features like network allowlists and credential masking/injection
Sure, if you assume the agent will be hostile on you. I thought it's just so the agent doesn't accidentally rm -rf / on you
The agent might install hostile software, e.g. a npm package. Unfortunately, very common problem nowadays.
There are documented instances of LLMs casually using LPEs in order to achieve an objective: https://xcancel.com/sluongng/status/2060746160558543217
And that's without anything like prompt injection happening.
They do try privilege escalation unprompted.
You're missing the fact you'd be sharing a kernel with the sandboxed agent. Virtualization presents an infinitely smaller attack surface.
What kind of things are you even doing that the agent would try to perform a kernel exploit on you? I thought sandboxing is just to protect from the agent accidentally clearing your home directory.
Side note, just 6 days ago a Linux VM escape exploit was disclosed.
I'm not worried about the agent at all. The VM is there to prevent it from clobbering files on my real system.
I'm worried about supply chain attacks on npm, pip, cargo and everything else. Don't want to get compromised if I install some stupid package.
My virtdev project has essentially split my computer into two systems: my "real" trusted system with software coming directly from my Linux distribition's repositories, and the VMs for everything else.
> just 6 days ago a Linux VM escape exploit was disclosed
Well, shit. Details?
> npm, pip, cargo and everything else
All that stuff should also go into the agent user's home directory.
CVE-2026-53359 - https://github.com/V4bel/Januscape/blob/main/assets/write-up...
CVE-2026-43499 - https://nebusec.ai/research/ionstack-part-2/
Patched in Linux 7.1.3, which happens to be the exact kernel version I'm running. Update your kernels, folks.
If your threat model is that of a malicious agent that will use a 0-day LPE to get root and exfiltrate all of your SSH keys, virtualization makes sense. But then, I wouldn't run such an agent at all, if not specifically in the context of malware analysis.
If you're just concerned about "agent messing up and taking the rules in some markdown files more laxly than I would have", then running it as a seperate user is totally enough...
Threat model is supply chain attacks on unmaintained package repositories like npm, pip and cargo. Everything on my host comes from my Linux distribution's repositories. Everything else gets virtualized with extreme prejudice. I'll even virtualize my Steam games one of these days.
IMO the threat model is more letting the agent loose on issues/PRs in a public Github repo and it getting tricked into running a malicious payload.
VMs and containers are fairly isolated and reproducible. A separate user on your machine still depends on the programs installed locally.
And those installed programs could have vulnerabilities that just a non-root user account could still take advantage of. Perhaps not likely for an LLM to do, but more so if you let them loose on the internet and they end up coming across prompt injection that instructs exactly that :)
Well, for one, Debian and Debian-based distros make your home directory readable by everyone by default.
Security is riddled by traps. If you can afford best possible level of isolation, why not do it?
Yep, I broke locate when I made my home 700. Its user could not traverse my files anymore. I had to make it run as root. A better design would be to traverse each user home with that user id but apparently it assumes that the home dirs are 755.
you can also simply use Landlock and bwrap on Linux. Pi even has a plugin for that https://pi.dev/packages/pi-landstrip
Codex uses bwrap sandbox which is purely cosmetic - out-of-box it sees your ssh keys and can send it to remote server. It prevents agent from deleting outside files by mistake, but does nothing against malicious activity
that Pi extension, by contrast, gives you a popup whenever an agent tries to access something outside the current working directory and send a network request. that depends on configuration. also if agent tries to ssh into something that will also send a request for access, so child processes are covered
Actually that doesn't just work on all systems and it breaks on others. The alternate user is actually guaranteed to work on all systems and it's built in
Seatbelt on macOS and Landlock over WSL2 on Windows 11. Landlock is also built-in, and WSL2 is a first-party downloadable component
There are two sides to this. The first is security, which plenty of comments already covered. The second, and the real one for me: my tests spin up Docker containers, and I was building a Kubernetes tool (argocd/flux style) that needs a real cluster in the sandbox. In a container that means Docker-in-Docker, which always felt hacky. A VM is just a normal Linux box where Docker and k8s run like they do everywhere else. A separate user can't give you that, it shares your one kernel and whatever's already installed on the host.
There is a reason why VMs even are a thing at all: they can offer better security guarantees than alternatives.
A separate user is a good start but LLM tests themselves show they can cleverly bypass guardrails if they figure out they are in a sandboxed environment of some kind, right?
So, I read those test results as: an LLM is less likely to do something crazy if it thinks it has the whole environment to itself.
On my Mac, every sudo requires either my fingerprint or password, and times out immediately.
Colleague recently told me his agent tried to sudo. It failed but it saw that docker with root is available and just used that. I don't quite remember what it did, I think editing something in /etc.
And why would I do that when I can create a vm from a snapshot and be done in 30 seconds?
Mainly networking and namespaces, same reasons why we run services on docker instead of old multi-user setups
In a corporate environment they may not have that option
But they can run arbitrary VMs?
If you think those two contexts are equally secure, your machine is incredibly insecure and I hope you run daily incremental full system backups.
You have far too much data in unsecured locations, and you have far too little understanding of what an agent would do, to go "I trust whatever this user account will be doing on my machine".
am I doing that once per project, or?
I use a raspberry pi for all my experiments
why not just use something like smol VMs? So many VM's and I am confused on which one to use for what. I think we now need a VM orchestrator!
Is it similar to devcontainers?
What does Clawk do that Docker without exposed ports doesn't?
How many of these are there now, a hundred? We get it, you can run an agent in a VM/container/sandbox. What about configuration management & rollbacks? What about the policy engine? What about dynamic credential management? What about the lethal trifecta? A sandbox is the easiest part and doesn't address the others.
shameless plug (im a contributor to): https://github.com/jskswamy/aide/ covers you, with configuration driven through yaml and credential management with sops.
Huh. My virtdev project implements nearly all of that... Except credential injection from the host, which turned out to be on my TODO list.
Based on the readme in your project, yours does not include 1) a policy engine, 2) application proxies to limit scope of access to external systems/networks, 3) firewall configuration for commonly accessed package repositories, 4) configuration management, 5) credential management.
You do have some scripts that 'diff' package inventory of the one distro you support, but not a full fledged configuration management system to manage package dependencies, file permissions, services, etc. Technically the user can deploy one using your provisioning hook but since it's not built-in it's another component the user will need to bring with them, which is one more reason they can use any other system that does basic sandboxing. I'm sure it's useful for you, but it doesn't do anything all the other solutions don't already do. You basically made Vagrant but without the useful Vagrantfile and OS-agnosticism.
why not just a docker container
Because that means you are sharing kernel with the sandboxed agent. Virtualization presents an infinitely smaller attack surface.
If there is any attack surface within a properly-configured container, that's a kernel bug, right?
Probably. If I remember correctly, containers on Linux are implemented using the kernel's namespaces. The same ones which became famous for the vulnerabilities they surfaced in previously unexercised code.
Then use SmolVM
I'm already using virtdev, my own solution built on top of QEMU.
love what youve done here. i will be using this in the future.
Thank you, that means a lot !
how does this compare with the aws lambda microvms?
> On your own machine that leaves two bad options. You approve every command (and babysit a prompt every few seconds), or you run --dangerously-skip-permissions and hope nothing important is one rm -rf or one leaked token away.
Literally everyone has the option to use a VM - it's built into Windows, UTM on MacOS, Docker on Linux. Yes, "a tool that automatically builds a VM" is useful, but we've had a third option (four, if you count "actually I disagree with the idea that it's only useful if it's fully agentic") from day one.
Is there anyone who is NOT building another AI sandbox solution?
Yet another one, only I wrote this one, so I prefer it: https://github.com/pjlsergeant/byre
You might prefer byre's simplicity, transparency, and ease of reasoning about: one local container, explicit access grants, readable generated Docker, and a workflow that stays close to normal development rather than introducing a larger sandbox platform. It's also very very easy to eject from if you want to stop using it.
Errbody gangsta until the agent figures out it's in a container and finds an exploit that lets it break out of container jail...
I developed a VM project just like this one. Asked Fable to stress test it and try to break out of containment, and to my surprise it didn't manage to. Fable didn't get downgraded to Opus either, for some reason.
Would have thrown Mythos at it if I had access to it.
Isn't Fable just Mythos + guardrails? Sounds like you did throw Mythos at it.
I initially thought that was the case: literally the same weights but with an incredibly obnoxious "safety classifier" tacked on. Now I'm uncertain because people on HN have told me it's a different model altogether with further fine tuning for safety or something.
You should conduct the same test with knowingly faulty containment, otherwise the theory that the model is hobbled should probably outrank that it couldn't escape.
That's a good idea. I don't have Fable at the moment, when it comes back I'll ochestrate those tests.
Opus did manage to iron out a lot of fail open bugs during development though, and Fable's like a hundred times more relentless than Opus. I'm not saying it's a definitive result or that my VM firewall thingy is unhackable... I'm just saying it put a smile on my face.
YAY, let's build the same thing over and over :/
Did you know that before reinventing the wheel, you can ask LLM your requirements, and they can find the most suited already existing tool ?
Yeah, but I explicitly chose to make my own anyway because I wanted to fully own the code and none of the existing solutions worked the way I wanted.
There is absolutely nothing wrong with reinventing the whell. It's entirely possible to do it and end up discovering you've made a better wheel.
`vagrant snapshot` exists.
Isn’t the point of LLM to recreate the wheel?
No libraries, no frameworks. Let AI recreate it from scratch … every time